Title: PROTOTYPE COLUMN

Here is an overview of different citation styles

Citation Method | Field of Use | Features | Example
MLA (Modern Language Association) | Humanities and Literature | Author-page citation style, works cited page | Smith, John. Title of the Book. Publisher, Year.
APA (American Psychological Association) | Social Sciences | Author-date citation style, reference list | Smith, J. (Year). Title of the Book. Publisher.
Chicago (Turabian) | History and Business | Notes and bibliography or author-date citation style | Smith, John. Title of the Book. Publisher, Year.
Harvard Referencing | Various Disciplines (UK and Australia) | Author-date citation style, reference list | Smith, J. (Year) Title of the Book. Publisher.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) | Technical and Engineering Fields | Numbered citation style, reference list | [1] J. Smith, Title of the Book, Publisher, Year.

Citing different types of sources

Citing sources accurately is crucial in academic writing, as it allows readers to trace the origin of information, gives credit to original authors, and helps avoid plagiarism. Different media types have distinct citation formats. Below are guidelines and examples for citing various media in the field of history.

Books

Format:
Author(s). Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.

Example:
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press, 1988.

Journal Articles

Format:
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Year, pages.

Example:
Foner, Eric. "Reconstruction Revisited." Reviews in American History, vol. 10, no. 4, 1982, pp. 82-100.

Websites

Format:
Author(s). "Title of Web Page." Name of Website, Publisher (if applicable), Date of Publication, URL. Accessed Date.

Example:
Lepore, Jill. "The Secret History of Wonder Woman." The New Yorker, Condé Nast, 13 Oct. 2014, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/27/secret-history-wonder-woman. Accessed 5 Sept. 2023.

Newspaper Articles

Format:
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Date of Publication, pages (if available).

Example:
Applebaum, Anne. "A New History of the Spanish Civil War." The Washington Post, 12 May 2019, p. A23.

Edited Volumes

Format:
Author(s) of Chapter. "Title of Chapter." Title of Book, edited by Editor(s), Publisher, Year, pages.

Example:
Brundage, W. Fitzhugh. "The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory." Slavery and Public History: The Tough Stuff of American Memory, edited by James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, The New Press, 2006, pp. 151-174.

Primary Sources (Letters, Diaries)

Format:
Author. "Title of Document." Title of Collection, edited by Editor(s), Publisher, Year, pages.

Example:
Lincoln, Abraham. "Letter to Joshua Speed, August 24, 1855." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy P. Basler, Rutgers University Press, 1953, vol. 2, pp. 317-319.

Films and Documentaries

Format:
Title of Film. Directed by Director's Name, performances by Performers' Names, Production Company, Year of Release.

Example:
The Civil War. Directed by Ken Burns, performances by David McCullough, Sam Waterston, and Jason Robards, PBS, 1990.

Online Videos

Format:
Author or Creator. "Title of Video." Website, uploaded by Uploader (if different), Date of Upload, URL. Accessed Date.

Example:
CrashCourse. "The French Revolution: Crash Course World History #29." YouTube, uploaded by CrashCourse, 10 Aug. 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTTvKwCylFY. Accessed 5 Sept. 2023.

Archival Materials

Format:
Author. "Title of Document." Date of Document. Name of Collection, Name of Repository, Location.

Example:
King, Martin Luther Jr. "Letter from Birmingham Jail." 16 Apr. 1963. Martin Luther King Jr. Papers, King Center, Atlanta.

By adhering to the appropriate citation formats for different media, historians can ensure that their work maintains academic integrity and provides a reliable resource for future research.

Q: Author: Thompson, Robert. Title: The Rise of Industrial America. Year: 2005. Publisher: HarperCollins.
A: Thompson, Robert. The Rise of Industrial America. HarperCollins, 2005.
  Hint: Thompson, Robert. The Rise of Industrial America. HarperCollins, 2005.

Q: In 2010, Emily Clark wrote an article called 'The Transformation of Urban Landscapes' in the Urban Studies Journal, volume 15, issue 3, on pages 45-67.
A: Clark, Emily. 'The Transformation of Urban Landscapes.' Urban Studies Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, 2010, pp. 45-67.
  Hint: Clark, Emily. 'The Transformation of Urban Landscapes.' Urban Studies Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, 2010, pp. 45-67.

Q: Author: Davis, Michael. Title: 'Digital Revolution and Modern History'. Name of Website: History Today. Date: 22 June 2015. URL: www.historytoday.com/digital-revolution. Accessed 10 Oct. 2023.
A: Davis, Michael. 'Digital Revolution and Modern History.' History Today, 22 June 2015, www.historytoday.com/digital-revolution. Accessed 10 Oct. 2023.
  Hint: Davis, Michael. 'Digital Revolution and Modern History.' History Today, 22 June 2015, www.historytoday.com/digital-revolution. Accessed 10 Oct. 2023.

Q: Author: Parker, Anne. Title: 'Reflections on the Harlem Renaissance'. Title of Collection: American Literary Movements. Editors: Jane Doe and John Smith. Year: 2012. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. Pages: 123-146.
A: Parker, Anne. 'Reflections on the Harlem Renaissance.' American Literary Movements, edited by Jane Doe and John Smith, Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 123-146.
  Hint: Parker, Anne. 'Reflections on the Harlem Renaissance.' American Literary Movements, edited by Jane Doe and John Smith, Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 123-146.

Q: The documentary 'The Great Depression' was directed by John Ford in 1993 and produced by National Geographic.
A: The Great Depression. Directed by John Ford, National Geographic, 1993.
  Hint: The Great Depression. Directed by John Ford, National Geographic, 1993.

Reflect

Q: Why is proper citation important in academic writing?
A: Proper citation is important in academic writing because it allows readers to trace the origin of information, gives credit to original authors, and helps avoid plagiarism.

Q: How does integrating multiple sources improve your argument?
A: Integrating multiple sources improves your argument by providing a broader perspective, supporting your claims with diverse evidence, and demonstrating thorough research on the topic.

Q: Which citation style do you find most intuitive, and why?
A: I find the APA citation style most intuitive because it has a clear and straightforward format, and it is commonly used in many academic disciplines, making it familiar and easy to follow.

Writing a bibliography

Creating a bibliography in academic writing involves compiling a list of all sources you have referenced in your work. This list is typically placed at the end of your document and provides full details of each source to enable readers to locate them.

When arranging the different types of sources in your bibliography, it is important to follow a specific order. Generally, all sources should be organized alphabetically by the last name of the first author or by the title if no author is available. There is no need to separate different types of sources; books, articles, websites, and videos should all be listed together in one integrated list.

For each entry, ensure you include all necessary information such as author names, publication dates, titles, and publishers or URLs. The format and details required can vary depending on the citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago), so be sure to consult the specific guidelines for the style you are using.

By carefully compiling and organizing your bibliography, you provide a clear and professional reference list that enhances the credibility of your academic writing.

Essay

Q: Create a bibliography with at least 10 different sources.
A: In the modern era, the importance of technology in education cannot be overstated. As schools and universities continue to integrate digital tools, the landscape of learning is rapidly evolving. According to Smith (2021), digital textbooks are increasingly replacing traditional ones, offering interactive features that enhance understanding. Jones (2019) highlights the role of online collaboration tools in facilitating group projects and peer reviews. Furthermore, Brown (2020) discusses the impact of artificial intelligence in personalizing learning experiences. Green and White (2018) explore the benefits of virtual reality in providing immersive educational experiences. Additionally, Taylor (2022) emphasizes the significance of cybersecurity education in protecting students' data. Williams (2017) argues that coding should be a mandatory subject in schools to prepare students for future job markets. Kim (2021) illustrates the positive outcomes of using gamification to motivate students. Lee (2019) examines the role of MOOCs in making education accessible to a global audience. Finally, Miller (2020) notes the challenges and opportunities presented by remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. These sources collectively underscore the transformative impact of technology on education.
  Hint: *