Foreshadowing is a literary device that authors use to give readers hints about what is to come in the story. It is a way of building suspense and keeping the reader engaged. Foreshadowing can be subtle, such as a character's offhand comment or a seemingly insignificant event, or it can be more obvious, like a prophecy or a dream. Either way, it is a way for the author to prepare the reader for future events and create a sense of anticipation.

One classic example of foreshadowing is in William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet." In the very first scene, Romeo has a dream that foreshadows his own death. He says, "I dreamt my lady came and found me dead." This is a clear indication of what is to come and sets the tone for the rest of the play.

Another example of foreshadowing is in the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling. Throughout the books, there are hints about the true nature of Snape's character and his ultimate role in the story. For example, in the first book, when Harry's scar hurts in Snape's presence, it is foreshadowing the connection between Snape and Voldemort.

Red herrings are another literary device that authors use to mislead readers. A red herring is a false clue that is meant to distract the reader from the true plot or outcome. It is often used in mystery novels to keep the reader guessing and to create a sense of unpredictability.

For example, in Agatha Christie's novel "Murder on the Orient Express," there are multiple red herrings that lead the reader to suspect different characters of the murder. It is not until the end that the true culprit is revealed, and the red herrings are exposed as distractions.