Voices of Independence Movements
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Voices of Independence Movements
Definition of Independence and Independence Movements
Independence: The condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory.
Independence Movements: Political and social movements that seek to achieve independence for a country or region that they believe is under foreign control or colonial rule.
Example: The Indian National Congress led the independence movement against British rule, employing strategies like non-violent protests and civil disobedience, eventually leading to India's independence in 1947.
Pre-Independence Situation in India
Political Situation
Before gaining independence in 1947, India was under British colonial rule. The British East India Company initially established control in the 18th century, which was later transferred to the British Crown in 1858 following the Revolt of 1857. The British administration implemented policies that centralized authority and introduced Western legal and education systems. Indian representation was minimal, and political power was predominantly in the hands of British officials.
Social Situation
Indian society was characterized by a complex caste system, significant religious diversity, and regional differences. British policies often exacerbated social divisions. The introduction of Western education led to the rise of an educated middle class that began to challenge colonial rule. Social reform movements emerged, addressing issues such as caste discrimination, women's rights, and religious reform.
Economic Situation
The Indian economy was primarily agrarian, with the majority of the population engaged in agriculture. British economic policies aimed at benefiting the colonial power resulted in deindustrialization and economic stagnation. The imposition of heavy taxes, exploitation of resources, and disruption of traditional industries such as textiles led to widespread poverty and famines.
Nationalist Movements
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of nationalist movements. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, became a major force advocating for self-rule. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose played pivotal roles. The struggle included non-violent protests, civil disobedience, and movements like the Quit India Movement in 1942.
Conclusion
The pre-independence period in India was marked by British colonial dominance, social stratification, economic exploitation, and burgeoning nationalist sentiments. These factors collectively set the stage for India's eventual struggle for and attainment of independence in 1947.
Voices of independence
Mahatma Gandhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
