Pre-Independence Situation in India

Political Situation

Before gaining independence in 1947, India was under British colonial rule. The British East India Company initially established control in the 18th century, which was later transferred to the British Crown in 1858 following the Revolt of 1857. The British administration implemented policies that centralized authority and introduced Western legal and education systems. Indian representation was minimal, and political power was predominantly in the hands of British officials.

Social Situation

Indian society was characterized by a complex caste system, significant religious diversity, and regional differences. British policies often exacerbated social divisions. The introduction of Western education led to the rise of an educated middle class that began to challenge colonial rule. Social reform movements emerged, addressing issues such as caste discrimination, women's rights, and religious reform.

Economic Situation

The Indian economy was primarily agrarian, with the majority of the population engaged in agriculture. British economic policies aimed at benefiting the colonial power resulted in deindustrialization and economic stagnation. The imposition of heavy taxes, exploitation of resources, and disruption of traditional industries such as textiles led to widespread poverty and famines.

Nationalist Movements

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of nationalist movements. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, became a major force advocating for self-rule. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose played pivotal roles. The struggle included non-violent protests, civil disobedience, and movements like the Quit India Movement in 1942.

Conclusion

The pre-independence period in India was marked by British colonial dominance, social stratification, economic exploitation, and burgeoning nationalist sentiments. These factors collectively set the stage for India's eventual struggle for and attainment of independence in 1947.